Cloning vectors for higher plants

Cloning vectors for higher plants were developed in the 1980s and their use has led to the genetically modified (GM) crops that are in the headlines today.

Three types of vector system have been used with varying degrees of success withhigher plants:

  1. Vectors based on naturally occurring plasmids of Agrobacterium;
  2. Direct gene transfer using various types of plasmid DNA;
  3. Vectors based on plant viruses.

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Reference: 
  •    Gene Cloning & DNA Analysis- An Introduction, T.A.Brown. fifth edition, blackwell publishing, 2006